Linguistics
Linguistics, is the scientific study of language. The word was first used in the middle of
the 19th century to emphasize the difference between a newer approach to the
study of language that was then developing and the more traditional approach of philology. The
differences were and are largely matters of attitude, emphasis, and purpose.
The philologist is concerned primarily with the historical development of
languages as it is manifest in written texts and in the context of
the associated literature and culture. The linguist, though he may be
interested in written texts and in the development of languages through time,
tends to give priority to spoken languages and to the problems of analyzing
them as they operate at a given point in time.
The field of linguistics may be divided in terms of three
dichotomies: synchronic versus dia chronic, theoretical versus applied, and micro-linguistics
versus macro-linguistics. A synchronic description of a language describes the
language as it is at a given time; a diachronic description is concerned with
the historical development of the language and the structural changes that have
taken place in it. The goal of theoretical linguistics is the construction of a
general theory of the structure of language or of a general theoretical
framework for the description of languages; the aim of applied linguistics is
the application of the findings and techniques of the scientific study of
language to practical tasks, especially to the elaboration of improved methods
of language teaching. The terms micro-linguistics and macro-linguistics are not
yet well established, and they are, in fact, used here purely for convenience.
The former refers to a narrower and the latter to a much broader view of the
scope of linguistics. According to the micro-linguistic view, languages should
be analyzed for their own sake and without reference to their social function,
to the manner in which they are acquired by children, to the psychological
mechanisms that underlie the production and reception of speech, to the
literary and the aesthetic or communicative function of language, and
so on. In contrast, macro-linguistics embraces all of these aspects of
language. Various areas within macro-linguistics have been given terminological
recognition: psycho linguistics, socio-linguistics, anthropological
linguistics, dialectology , mathematical and computational linguistics,
and stylistics. Macro-linguistics should not be identified with applied
linguistics. The application of linguistic methods and concepts to language
teaching may well involve other disciplines in a way that micro-linguistics
does not. But there is, in principle, a theoretical aspect to every part of
macro-linguistics, no less than to micro-linguistics.
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Here is the link
https://www.onlinescenter.in/2019/10/contemporary-literature-definition-and-importance.html